15.1 Female heads of state in Muslim-majority countries during the modern era.12.4 Effect of globalisation on Muslim women's couture.12.3 Religious objections to the modern ḥijāb.9.1 Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.8.11.9 Recorded prevalence of FGM in the OIC.8.11.8 Initiatives to end FGM in the OIC.8.11.7 Notable Islamic perspectives on FGM.8.11.2 Sexual satisfaction and frequency of intercourse.8.10 Behavior and rights within marriage.5.1 Financial and legal agency: The classical position.Conversely, within Islamic Orthodoxy, both the established theological schools and Sufism are at least somewhat influential. In particular, Wahhabis and Salafists tend to reject mysticism and theology outright this has profound implications for the way that women are perceived within these ideological sects. There is considerable variation as to how the above sources are interpreted by Sunni Muslims. Many of the latter, including Ibn al-'Arabī, have themselves produced texts that have elucidated the metaphysical symbolism of the feminine principle in Islam. Additional influences include pre-Islamic cultural traditions secular laws, which are fully accepted in Islam so long as they do not directly contradict Islamic precepts religious authorities, including government-controlled agencies such as the Indonesian Ulema Council and Turkey's Diyanet and spiritual teachers, which are particularly prominent in Islamic mysticism or Sufism. Īmong the influences which have played an important role in defining the social, spiritual, and cosmological status of women in the course of Islamic history are Islam's sacred text, the Quran the Ḥadīths, which are traditions relating to the deeds and aphorisms of Muhammad ijmā', which is a consensus, expressed or tacit, on a question of law qiyās, the principle by which the laws of the Quran and the Sunnah or prophetic custom are applied to situations not explicitly covered by these two sources of legislation and fatwas, non-binding published opinions or decisions regarding religious doctrine or points of law. Girl Reciting the Qurān ( Kuran Okuyan Kız), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath Osman Hamdi Bey, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities.